Fixation of Belief (Charles Sanders Pierce ,1877)

    Scientific, authority, tenacity and a priori methods

a) the world is flat

b) gravity

c) religious beliefs

d) red clouds in the morning, sailors take warning 

minimum effort/ substantial security, maintaining a uniform outlook, general cultural outlook

Data ( empirical observations) - Theory ( organization of concepts that permit prediction of data)

Evaluating Theories (induction, deduction, theory, data)

Parsimony, precision, testability

Basic and Applied Research

Was Einstein a fox or a hedgehog?

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What is: a principle?

-a paradigm shift?

- the 'law of the farm'?